Mastodonplus.py/mastodon/Mastodon.py

# coding: utf-8

import os
import os.path
import mimetypes
import time
import random
import string
import datetime
from contextlib import closing
import pytz
import requests
from requests.models import urlencode
import dateutil
import dateutil.parser
import re
import copy
import threading
import sys
try:
    from urllib.parse import urlparse
except ImportError:
     from urlparse import urlparse


class Mastodon:
    """
    Super basic but thorough and easy to use Mastodon
    api wrapper in python.

    If anything is unclear, check the official API docs at
    https://github.com/tootsuite/documentation/blob/master/Using-the-API/API.md
    """
    __DEFAULT_BASE_URL = 'https://mastodon.social'
    __DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 300

    ###
    # Registering apps
    ###
    @staticmethod
    def create_app(client_name, scopes=['read', 'write', 'follow'], redirect_uris=None, website=None, to_file=None,
                   api_base_url=__DEFAULT_BASE_URL, request_timeout=__DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
        """
        Create a new app with given client_name and scopes (read, write, follow)

        Specify redirect_uris if you want users to be redirected to a certain page after authenticating.
        Specify to_file to persist your apps info to a file so you can use them in the constructor.
        Specify api_base_url if you want to register an app on an instance different from the flagship one.

        Presently, app registration is open by default, but this is not guaranteed to be the case for all
        future mastodon instances or even the flagship instance in the future.

        Returns client_id and client_secret.
        """
        api_base_url = Mastodon.__protocolize(api_base_url)

        request_data = {
            'client_name': client_name,
            'scopes': " ".join(scopes)
        }

        try:
            if redirect_uris is not None:
                request_data['redirect_uris'] = redirect_uris
            else:
                request_data['redirect_uris'] = 'urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob'
            if website is not None:
                request_data['website'] = website

            response = requests.post(api_base_url + '/api/v1/apps', data=request_data, timeout=request_timeout)
            response = response.json()
        except Exception as e:
            raise MastodonNetworkError("Could not complete request: %s" % e)

        if to_file is not None:
            with open(to_file, 'w') as secret_file:
                secret_file.write(response['client_id'] + '\n')
                secret_file.write(response['client_secret'] + '\n')

        return (response['client_id'], response['client_secret'])

    ###
    # Authentication, including constructor
    ###
    def __init__(self, client_id, client_secret=None, access_token=None,
                 api_base_url=__DEFAULT_BASE_URL, debug_requests=False,
                 ratelimit_method="wait", ratelimit_pacefactor=1.1,
                 request_timeout=__DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
        """
        Create a new API wrapper instance based on the given client_secret and client_id. If you
        give a client_id and it is not a file, you must also give a secret.

        You can also specify an access_token, directly or as a file (as written by log_in).

        Mastodon.py can try to respect rate limits in several ways, controlled by ratelimit_method.
        "throw" makes functions throw a MastodonRatelimitError when the rate
        limit is hit. "wait" mode will, once the limit is hit, wait and retry the request as soon
        as the rate limit resets, until it succeeds. "pace" works like throw, but tries to wait in
        between calls so that the limit is generally not hit (How hard it tries to not hit the rate
        limit can be controlled by ratelimit_pacefactor). The default setting is "wait". Note that
        even in "wait" and "pace" mode, requests can still fail due to network or other problems! Also
        note that "pace" and "wait" are NOT thread safe.

        Specify api_base_url if you wish to talk to an instance other than the flagship one.
        If a file is given as client_id, read client ID and secret from that file.

        By default, a timeout of 300 seconds is used for all requests. If you wish to change this,
        pass the desired timeout (in seconds) as request_timeout.
        """
        self.api_base_url = Mastodon.__protocolize(api_base_url)
        self.client_id = client_id
        self.client_secret = client_secret
        self.access_token = access_token
        self.debug_requests = debug_requests
        self.ratelimit_method = ratelimit_method
        self._token_expired = datetime.datetime.now()
        self._refresh_token = None

        self.ratelimit_limit = 300
        self.ratelimit_reset = time.time()
        self.ratelimit_remaining = 300
        self.ratelimit_lastcall = time.time()
        self.ratelimit_pacefactor = ratelimit_pacefactor

        self.request_timeout = request_timeout

        if ratelimit_method not in ["throw", "wait", "pace"]:
            raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError("Invalid ratelimit method.")

        if os.path.isfile(self.client_id):
            with open(self.client_id, 'r') as secret_file:
                self.client_id = secret_file.readline().rstrip()
                self.client_secret = secret_file.readline().rstrip()
        else:
            if self.client_secret is None:
                raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError('Specified client id directly, but did not supply secret')

        if self.access_token is not None and os.path.isfile(self.access_token):
            with open(self.access_token, 'r') as token_file:
                self.access_token = token_file.readline().rstrip()

    def auth_request_url(self, client_id=None, redirect_uris="urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob",
                         scopes=['read', 'write', 'follow']):
        """Returns the url that a client needs to request the grant from the server.
        """
        if client_id is None:
            client_id = self.client_id
        else:
            if os.path.isfile(client_id):
                with open(client_id, 'r') as secret_file:
                    client_id = secret_file.readline().rstrip()

        params = dict()
        params['client_id'] = client_id
        params['response_type'] = "code"
        params['redirect_uri'] = redirect_uris
        params['scope'] = " ".join(scopes)
        formatted_params = urlencode(params)
        return "".join([self.api_base_url, "/oauth/authorize?", formatted_params])

    def log_in(self, username=None, password=None,
               code=None, redirect_uri="urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob", refresh_token=None,
               scopes=['read', 'write', 'follow'], to_file=None):
        """
        Your username is the e-mail you use to log in into mastodon.

        Can persist access token to file, to be used in the constructor.

        Supports refresh_token but Mastodon.social doesn't implement it at the moment.

        Handles password, authorization_code, and refresh_token authentication.

        Will throw a MastodonIllegalArgumentError if username / password
        are wrong, scopes are not valid or granted scopes differ from requested.

        For OAuth2 documentation, compare
        https://github.com/doorkeeper-gem/doorkeeper/wiki/Interacting-as-an-OAuth-client-with-Doorkeeper

        Returns the access token.
        """
        if username is not None and password is not None:
            params = self.__generate_params(locals(), ['scopes', 'to_file', 'code', 'refresh_token'])
            params['grant_type'] = 'password'
        elif code is not None:
            params = self.__generate_params(locals(), ['scopes', 'to_file', 'username', 'password', 'refresh_token'])
            params['grant_type'] = 'authorization_code'
        elif refresh_token is not None:
            params = self.__generate_params(locals(), ['scopes', 'to_file', 'username', 'password', 'code'])
            params['grant_type'] = 'refresh_token'
        else:
            raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError('Invalid arguments given. username and password or code are required.')

        params['client_id'] = self.client_id
        params['client_secret'] = self.client_secret
        params['scope'] = " ".join(scopes)

        try:
            response = self.__api_request('POST', '/oauth/token', params, do_ratelimiting=False)
            self.access_token = response['access_token']
            self.__set_refresh_token(response.get('refresh_token'))
            self.__set_token_expired(int(response.get('expires_in', 0)))
        except Exception as e:
            if username is not None or password is not None:
                raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError('Invalid user name, password, or redirect_uris: %s' % e)
            elif code is not None:
                raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError('Invalid access token or redirect_uris: %s' % e)
            else:
                raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError('Invalid request: %s' % e)

        requested_scopes = " ".join(sorted(scopes))
        received_scopes = " ".join(sorted(response["scope"].split(" ")))

        if requested_scopes != received_scopes:
            raise MastodonAPIError(
                'Granted scopes "' + received_scopes + '" differ from requested scopes "' + requested_scopes + '".')

        if to_file is not None:
            with open(to_file, 'w') as token_file:
                token_file.write(response['access_token'] + '\n')

        return response['access_token']

    ###
    # Reading data: Instances
    ###
    def instance(self):
        """
        Retrieve basic information about the instance, including the URI and administrative contact email.

        Returns an instance dict.
        """
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/instance/')

    ###
    # Reading data: Timelines
    ##
    def timeline(self, timeline="home", max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch statuses, most recent ones first. Timeline can be home, local, public,
        or tag/hashtag. See the following functions documentation for what those do.

        The default timeline is the "home" timeline.

        Returns a list of toot dicts.
        """
        params_initial = locals()

        if timeline == "local":
            timeline = "public"
            params_initial['local'] = True

        params = self.__generate_params(params_initial, ['timeline'])
        url = '/api/v1/timelines/{0}'.format(timeline)
        return self.__api_request('GET', url, params)

    def timeline_home(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch the authenticated users home timeline (i.e. followed users and self).

        Returns a list of toot dicts.
        """
        return self.timeline('home', max_id=max_id, since_id=since_id,
                             limit=limit)

    def timeline_local(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetches the local / instance-wide timeline, not including replies.

        Returns a list of toot dicts.
        """
        return self.timeline('local', max_id=max_id, since_id=since_id,
                             limit=limit)

    def timeline_public(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetches the public / visible-network timeline, not including replies.

        Returns a list of toot dicts.
        """
        return self.timeline('public', max_id=max_id, since_id=since_id,
                             limit=limit)

    def timeline_hashtag(self, hashtag, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch a timeline of toots with a given hashtag.

        Returns a list of toot dicts.
        """
        url = 'tag/{0}'.format(str(hashtag))
        return self.timeline(url, max_id=max_id, since_id=since_id, limit=limit)

    ###
    # Reading data: Statuses
    ###
    def status(self, id):
        """
        Fetch information about a single toot.

        Returns a toot dict.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url)

    def status_card(self, id):
        """
        Fetch a card associated with a status. A card describes an object (such as an
        external video or link) embedded into a status.

        Returns a card dict.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/card'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url)

    def status_context(self, id):
        """
        Fetch information about ancestors and descendants of a toot.

        Returns a context dict.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/context'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url)

    def status_reblogged_by(self, id):
        """
        Fetch a list of users that have reblogged a status.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/reblogged_by'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url)

    def status_favourited_by(self, id):
        """
        Fetch a list of users that have favourited a status.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/favourited_by'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url)

    ###
    # Reading data: Notifications
    ###
    def notifications(self, id=None, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch notifications (mentions, favourites, reblogs, follows) for the authenticated
        user.

        Can be passed an id to fetch a single notification.

        Returns a list of notification dicts.
        """
        if id is None:
            params = self.__generate_params(locals(), ['id'])
            return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/notifications', params)
        else:
            url = '/api/v1/notifications/{0}'.format(str(id))
            return self.__api_request('GET', url)

    ###
    # Reading data: Accounts
    ###
    def account(self, id):
        """
        Fetch account information by user id.

        Returns a user dict.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url)

    def account_verify_credentials(self):
        """
        Fetch authenticated user's account information.

        Returns a user dict.
        """
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/accounts/verify_credentials')

    def account_statuses(self, id, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch statuses by user id. Same options as timeline are permitted.

        Returns a list of toot dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals(), ['id'])
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/statuses'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url, params)

    def account_following(self, id, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch users the given user is following.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals(), ['id'])
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/following'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url, params)

    def account_followers(self, id, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch users the given user is followed by.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals(), ['id'])
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/followers'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('GET', url, params)

    def account_relationships(self, id):
        """
        Fetch relationships (following, followed_by, blocking) of the logged in user to
        a given account. id can be a list.

        Returns a list of relationship dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/accounts/relationships',
                                  params)

    def account_search(self, q, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch matching accounts. Will lookup an account remotely if the search term is
        in the username@domain format and not yet in the database.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/accounts/search', params)

    ###
    # Reading data: Searching
    ###
    def search(self, q, resolve=False):
        """
        Fetch matching hashtags, accounts and statuses. Will search federated
        instances if resolve is True.

        Returns a dict of lists.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/search', params)

    ###
    # Reading data: Mutes and Blocks
    ###
    def mutes(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch a list of users muted by the authenticated user.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/mutes', params)

    def blocks(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch a list of users blocked by the authenticated user.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/blocks', params)

    ###
    # Reading data: Reports
    ###
    def reports(self):
        """
        Fetch a list of reports made by the authenticated user.

        Returns a list of report dicts.
        """
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/reports')

    ###
    # Reading data: Favourites
    ###
    def favourites(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch the authenticated user's favourited statuses.

        Returns a list of toot dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/favourites', params)

    ###
    # Reading data: Follow requests
    ###
    def follow_requests(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch the authenticated user's incoming follow requests.

        Returns a list of user dicts.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/follow_requests', params)

    ###
    # Reading data: Domain blocks
    ###
    def domain_blocks(self, max_id=None, since_id=None, limit=None):
        """
        Fetch the authenticated user's blocked domains.

        Returns a list of blocked domain URLs (as strings, without protocol specifier).
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('GET', '/api/v1/domain_blocks', params)

    ###
    # Writing data: Statuses
    ###
    def status_post(self, status, in_reply_to_id=None, media_ids=None,
                    sensitive=False, visibility='', spoiler_text=None):
        """
        Post a status. Can optionally be in reply to another status and contain
        up to four pieces of media (Uploaded via media_post()). media_ids can
        also be the media dicts returned by media_post - they are unpacked
        automatically.

        The 'sensitive' boolean decides whether or not media attached to the post
        should be marked as sensitive, which hides it by default on the Mastodon
        web front-end.

        The visibility parameter is a string value and matches the visibility
        option on the /api/v1/status POST API endpoint. It accepts any of:
        'direct' - post will be visible only to mentioned users
        'private' - post will be visible only to followers
        'unlisted' - post will be public but not appear on the public timeline
        'public' - post will be public

        If not passed in, visibility defaults to match the current account's
        default-privacy setting (starting with Mastodon version 1.6) or its
        locked setting - private if the account is locked, public otherwise
        (for Mastodon versions lower than 1.6).

        The spoiler_text parameter is a string to be shown as a warning before
        the text of the status.  If no text is passed in, no warning will be
        displayed.

        Returns a toot dict with the new status.
        """
        params_initial = locals()

        # Validate visibility parameter
        valid_visibilities = ['private', 'public', 'unlisted', 'direct', '']
        if params_initial['visibility'].lower() not in valid_visibilities:
            raise ValueError('Invalid visibility value! Acceptable '
                             'values are %s' % valid_visibilities)

        if params_initial['sensitive'] is False:
            del [params_initial['sensitive']]

        if media_ids is not None:
            try:
                media_ids_proper = []
                for media_id in media_ids:
                    if isinstance(media_id, dict):
                        media_ids_proper.append(media_id["id"])
                    else:
                        media_ids_proper.append(media_id)
            except Exception as e:
                raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError("Invalid media "
                                                   "dict: %s" % e)

            params_initial["media_ids"] = media_ids_proper

        params = self.__generate_params(params_initial)
        return self.__api_request('POST', '/api/v1/statuses', params)

    def toot(self, status):
        """
        Synonym for status_post that only takes the status text as input.

        Usage in production code is not recommended.

        Returns a toot dict with the new status.
        """
        return self.status_post(status)

    def status_delete(self, id):
        """
        Delete a status

        Returns an empty dict for good measure.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('DELETE', url)

    def status_reblog(self, id):
        """
        Reblog a status.

        Returns a toot dict with a new status that wraps around the reblogged one.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/reblog'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def status_unreblog(self, id):
        """
        Un-reblog a status.

        Returns a toot dict with the status that used to be reblogged.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/unreblog'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def status_favourite(self, id):
        """
        Favourite a status.

        Returns a toot dict with the favourited status.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/favourite'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def status_unfavourite(self, id):
        """
        Un-favourite a status.

        Returns a toot dict with the un-favourited status.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/unfavourite'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def status_mute(self, id):
        """
        Mute notifications for a status.

        Returns a toot dict with the now muted status
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/mute'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def status_unmute(self, id):
        """
        Unmute notifications for a status.

        Returns a toot dict with the status that used to be muted.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/statuses/{0}/unmute'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    ###
    # Writing data: Notifications
    ###
    def notifications_clear(self):
        """
        Clear out a users notifications
        """
        return self.__api_request('POST', '/api/v1/notifications/clear')


    def notifications_dismiss(self, id):
        """
        Deletes a single notification
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('POST', '/api/v1/notifications/dismiss', params)

    ###
    # Writing data: Accounts
    ###
    def account_follow(self, id):
        """
        Follow a user.

        Returns a relationship dict containing the updated relationship to the user.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/follow'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def follows(self, uri):
        """
        Follow a remote user by uri (username@domain).

        Returns a user dict.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('POST', '/api/v1/follows', params)

    def account_unfollow(self, id):
        """
        Unfollow a user.

        Returns a relationship dict containing the updated relationship to the user.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/unfollow'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def account_block(self, id):
        """
        Block a user.

        Returns a relationship dict containing the updated relationship to the user.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/block'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def account_unblock(self, id):
        """
        Unblock a user.

        Returns a relationship dict containing the updated relationship to the user.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/unblock'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def account_mute(self, id):
        """
        Mute a user.

        Returns a relationship dict containing the updated relationship to the user.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/mute'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def account_unmute(self, id):
        """
        Unmute a user.

        Returns a relationship dict containing the updated relationship to the user.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/accounts/{0}/unmute'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def account_update_credentials(self, display_name=None, note=None,
                                   avatar=None, header=None):
        """
        Update the profile for the currently authenticated user.

        'note' is the user's bio.

        'avatar' and 'header' are images encoded in base64, prepended by a content-type
        (for example: 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAA[...]')
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('PATCH', '/api/v1/accounts/update_credentials', params)

    ###
    # Writing data: Reports
    ###
    def report(self, account_id, status_ids, comment):
        """
        Report statuses to the instances administrators.

        Accepts a list of toot IDs associated with the report, and a comment.

        Returns a report dict.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('POST', '/api/v1/reports/', params)

    ###
    # Writing data: Follow requests
    ###
    def follow_request_authorize(self, id):
        """
        Accept an incoming follow request.

        Returns an empty dict.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/follow_requests/{0}/authorize'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    def follow_request_reject(self, id):
        """
        Reject an incoming follow request.

        Returns an empty dict.
        """
        url = '/api/v1/follow_requests/{0}/reject'.format(str(id))
        return self.__api_request('POST', url)

    ###
    # Writing data: Media
    ###
    def media_post(self, media_file, mime_type=None, description=None):
        """
        Post an image. media_file can either be image data or
        a file name. If image data is passed directly, the mime
        type has to be specified manually, otherwise, it is
        determined from the file name.

        Throws a MastodonIllegalArgumentError if the mime type of the
        passed data or file can not be determined properly.

        Returns a media dict. This contains the id that can be used in
        status_post to attach the media file to a toot.
        """
        if mime_type is None and os.path.isfile(media_file):
            mime_type = mimetypes.guess_type(media_file)[0]
            media_file = open(media_file, 'rb')

        if mime_type is None:
            raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError('Could not determine mime type'
                                               ' or data passed directly '
                                               'without mime type.')

        random_suffix = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for _ in range(10))
        file_name = "mastodonpyupload_" + str(time.time()) + "_" + str(random_suffix) + mimetypes.guess_extension(
            mime_type)

        media_file_description = (file_name, media_file, mime_type)
        return self.__api_request('POST', '/api/v1/media',
                                  files={'file': media_file_description},
                                  params={'description': description})

    ###
    # Writing data: Domain blocks
    ###
    def domain_block(self, domain=None):
        """
        Add a block for all statuses originating from the specified domain for the logged-in user.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('POST', '/api/v1/domain_blocks', params)

    def domain_unblock(self, domain=None):
        """
        Remove a domain block for the logged-in user.
        """
        params = self.__generate_params(locals())
        return self.__api_request('DELETE', '/api/v1/domain_blocks', params)

    ###
    # Pagination
    ###
    def fetch_next(self, previous_page):
        """
        Fetches the next page of results of a paginated request. Pass in the
        previous page in its entirety, or the pagination information dict
        returned as a part of that pages last status ('_pagination_next').

        Returns the next page or None if no further data is available.
        """
        if isinstance(previous_page, list) and len(previous_page) != 0:
            if '_pagination_next' in previous_page[-1]:
                params = copy.deepcopy(previous_page[-1]['_pagination_next'])
            else:
                return None
        else:
            params = copy.deepcopy(previous_page)

        method = params['_pagination_method']
        del params['_pagination_method']

        endpoint = params['_pagination_endpoint']
        del params['_pagination_endpoint']

        return self.__api_request(method, endpoint, params)

    def fetch_previous(self, next_page):
        """
        Fetches the previous page of results of a paginated request. Pass in the
        previous page in its entirety, or the pagination information dict
        returned as a part of that pages first status ('_pagination_prev').

        Returns the previous page or None if no further data is available.
        """
        if isinstance(next_page, list) and len(next_page) != 0:
            if '_pagination_prev' in next_page[0]:
                params = copy.deepcopy(next_page[0]['_pagination_prev'])
            else:
                return None
        else:
            params = copy.deepcopy(next_page)

        method = params['_pagination_method']
        del params['_pagination_method']

        endpoint = params['_pagination_endpoint']
        del params['_pagination_endpoint']

        return self.__api_request(method, endpoint, params)

    def fetch_remaining(self, first_page):
        """
        Fetches all the remaining pages of a paginated request starting from a
        first page and returns the entire set of results (including the first page
        that was passed in) as a big list.

        Be careful, as this might generate a lot of requests, depending on what you are
        fetching, and might cause you to run into rate limits very quickly.
        """
        first_page = copy.deepcopy(first_page)

        all_pages = []
        current_page = first_page
        while current_page is not None and len(current_page) > 0:
            all_pages.extend(current_page)
            current_page = self.fetch_next(current_page)

        return all_pages

    ###
    # Streaming
    ###
    def user_stream(self, listener, async=False):
        """
        Streams events that are relevant to the authorized user, i.e. home
        timeline and notifications. 'listener' should be a subclass of
        StreamListener which will receive callbacks for incoming events.

        If async is False, this method blocks forever.

        If async is True, 'listener' will listen on another thread and this method
        will return a handle corresponding to the open connection. The
        connection may be closed at any time by calling its close() method.
        """
        return self.__stream('/api/v1/streaming/user', listener, async=async)

    def public_stream(self, listener, async=False):
        """
        Streams public events. 'listener' should be a subclass of StreamListener
        which will receive callbacks for incoming events.

        If async is False, this method blocks forever.

        If async is True, 'listener' will listen on another thread and this method
        will return a handle corresponding to the open connection. The
        connection may be closed at any time by calling its close() method.
        """
        return self.__stream('/api/v1/streaming/public', listener, async=async)

    def local_stream(self, listener, async=False):
        """
        Streams local events. 'listener' should be a subclass of StreamListener
        which will receive callbacks for incoming events.

        If async is False, this method blocks forever.

        If async is True, 'listener' will listen on another thread and this method
        will return a handle corresponding to the open connection. The
        connection may be closed at any time by calling its close() method.
        """
        return self.__stream('/api/v1/streaming/public/local', listener, async=async)

    def hashtag_stream(self, tag, listener, async=False):
        """
        Returns all public statuses for the hashtag 'tag'. 'listener' should be
        a subclass of StreamListener which will receive callbacks for incoming
        events.

        If async is False, this method blocks forever.

        If async is True, 'listener' will listen on another thread and this method
        will return a handle corresponding to the open connection. The
        connection may be closed at any time by calling its close() method.
        """
        return self.__stream("/api/v1/streaming/hashtag?tag={}".format(tag), listener)

    ###
    # Internal helpers, dragons probably
    ###
    def __datetime_to_epoch(self, date_time):
        """
        Converts a python datetime to unix epoch, accounting for
        time zones and such.

        Assumes UTC if timezone is not given.
        """
        date_time_utc = None
        if date_time.tzinfo is None:
            date_time_utc = date_time.replace(tzinfo=pytz.utc)
        else:
            date_time_utc = date_time.astimezone(pytz.utc)

        epoch_utc = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(0).replace(tzinfo=pytz.utc)

        return (date_time_utc - epoch_utc).total_seconds()


    def __json_date_parse(self, json_object):
        """
        Parse dates in certain known json fields, if possible.
        """
        known_date_fields = ["created_at"]
        for k, v in json_object.items():
            if k in known_date_fields:
                try:
                    if isinstance(v, int):
                        json_object[k] = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(v, pytz.utc)
                    else:
                        json_object[k] = dateutil.parser.parse(v)
                except:
                    raise MastodonAPIError('Encountered invalid date.')
        return json_object

    def __json_id_to_bignum(self, json_object):
        """
        Converts json string IDs to native python bignums.
        """
        if sys.version_info.major >= 3:
            str_type = str
        else:
            str_type = unicode

        if ('id' in json_object and
                isinstance(json_object['id'], str_type)):
            try:
                json_object['id'] = int(json_object['id'])
            except ValueError:
                pass

        return json_object

    def __json_hooks(self, json_object):
        json_object = self.__json_date_parse(json_object)
        json_object = self.__json_id_to_bignum(json_object)
        return json_object

    def __api_request(self, method, endpoint, params={}, files={}, do_ratelimiting=True):
        """
        Internal API request helper.
        """
        response = None
        headers = None
        remaining_wait = 0
        # "pace" mode ratelimiting: Assume constant rate of requests, sleep a little less long than it
        # would take to not hit the rate limit at that request rate.
        if do_ratelimiting and self.ratelimit_method == "pace":
            if self.ratelimit_remaining == 0:
                to_next = self.ratelimit_reset - time.time()
                if to_next > 0:
                    # As a precaution, never sleep longer than 5 minutes
                    to_next = min(to_next, 5 * 60)
                    time.sleep(to_next)
            else:
                time_waited = time.time() - self.ratelimit_lastcall
                time_wait = float(self.ratelimit_reset - time.time()) / float(self.ratelimit_remaining)
                remaining_wait = time_wait - time_waited

            if remaining_wait > 0:
                to_next = remaining_wait / self.ratelimit_pacefactor
                to_next = min(to_next, 5 * 60)
                time.sleep(to_next)

        # Generate request headers
        if self.access_token is not None:
            headers = {'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + self.access_token}

        if self.debug_requests:
            print('Mastodon: Request to endpoint "' + endpoint + '" using method "' + method + '".')
            print('Parameters: ' + str(params))
            print('Headers: ' + str(headers))
            print('Files: ' + str(files))

        # Make request
        request_complete = False
        while not request_complete:
            request_complete = True

            response_object = None
            try:
                kwargs = dict(headers=headers, files=files,
                              timeout=self.request_timeout)
                if method == 'GET':
                    kwargs['params'] = params
                else:
                    kwargs['data'] = params

                response_object = requests.request(
                        method, self.api_base_url + endpoint, **kwargs)
            except Exception as e:
                raise MastodonNetworkError("Could not complete request: %s" % e)

            if response_object is None:
                raise MastodonIllegalArgumentError("Illegal request.")

            # Parse rate limiting headers
            if 'X-RateLimit-Remaining' in response_object.headers and do_ratelimiting:
                self.ratelimit_remaining = int(response_object.headers['X-RateLimit-Remaining'])
                self.ratelimit_limit = int(response_object.headers['X-RateLimit-Limit'])

                try:
                    ratelimit_reset_datetime = dateutil.parser.parse(response_object.headers['X-RateLimit-Reset'])
                    self.ratelimit_reset = self.__datetime_to_epoch(ratelimit_reset_datetime)

                    # Adjust server time to local clock
                    if 'Date' in response_object.headers:
                        server_time_datetime = dateutil.parser.parse(response_object.headers['Date'])
                        server_time = self.__datetime_to_epoch(server_time_datetime)
                        server_time_diff = time.time() - server_time
                        self.ratelimit_reset += server_time_diff
                        self.ratelimit_lastcall = time.time()
                except Exception as e:
                    raise MastodonRatelimitError("Rate limit time calculations failed: %s" % e)

            # Handle response
            if self.debug_requests:
                print('Mastodon: Response received with code ' + str(response_object.status_code) + '.')
                print('response headers: ' + str(response_object.headers))
                print('Response text content: ' + str(response_object.text))

            if response_object.status_code == 404:
                try:
                    response = response_object.json()
                except:
                    raise MastodonAPIError('Endpoint not found.')

                if isinstance(response, dict) and 'error' in response:
                    raise MastodonAPIError("Mastodon API returned error: " + str(response['error']))
                else:
                    raise MastodonAPIError('Endpoint not found.')


            if response_object.status_code == 500:
                raise MastodonAPIError('General API problem.')

            # Handle rate limiting
            if response_object.status_code == 429:
                if self.ratelimit_method == 'throw' or not do_ratelimiting:
                    raise MastodonRatelimitError('Hit rate limit.')
                elif self.ratelimit_method in ('wait', 'pace'):
                    to_next = self.ratelimit_reset - time.time()
                    if to_next > 0:
                        # As a precaution, never sleep longer than 5 minutes
                        to_next = min(to_next, 5 * 60)
                        time.sleep(to_next)
                        request_complete = False
                        continue

            try:
                response = response_object.json(object_hook=self.__json_hooks)
            except:
                raise MastodonAPIError(
                    "Could not parse response as JSON, response code was %s, "
                    "bad json content was '%s'" % (response_object.status_code,
                                                   response_object.content))

            # See if the returned dict is an error dict even though status is 200
            if isinstance(response, dict) and 'error' in response:
                raise MastodonAPIError("Mastodon API returned error: " + str(response['error']))

            # Parse link headers
            if isinstance(response, list) and \
                    'Link' in response_object.headers and \
                    response_object.headers['Link'] != "":
                tmp_urls = requests.utils.parse_header_links(
                    response_object.headers['Link'].rstrip('>').replace('>,<', ',<'))
                for url in tmp_urls:
                    if 'rel' not in url:
                        continue

                    if url['rel'] == 'next':
                        # Be paranoid and extract max_id specifically
                        next_url = url['url']
                        matchgroups = re.search(r"max_id=([0-9]*)", next_url)

                        if matchgroups:
                            next_params = copy.deepcopy(params)
                            next_params['_pagination_method'] = method
                            next_params['_pagination_endpoint'] = endpoint
                            next_params['max_id'] = int(matchgroups.group(1))
                            if "since_id" in next_params:
                                del next_params['since_id']
                            response[-1]['_pagination_next'] = next_params

                    if url['rel'] == 'prev':
                        # Be paranoid and extract since_id specifically
                        prev_url = url['url']
                        matchgroups = re.search(r"since_id=([0-9]*)", prev_url)

                        if matchgroups:
                            prev_params = copy.deepcopy(params)
                            prev_params['_pagination_method'] = method
                            prev_params['_pagination_endpoint'] = endpoint
                            prev_params['since_id'] = int(matchgroups.group(1))
                            if "max_id" in prev_params:
                                del prev_params['max_id']
                            response[0]['_pagination_prev'] = prev_params


        return response

    def __stream(self, endpoint, listener, params={}, async=False):
        """
        Internal streaming API helper.

        Returns a handle to the open connection that the user can close if they
        wish to terminate it.
        """

        # Check if we have to redirect
        instance = self.instance()
        if "streaming_api" in instance["urls"] and instance["urls"]["streaming_api"] != self.api_base_url:
            # This is probably a websockets URL, which is really for the browser, but requests can't handle it
            # So we do this below to turn it into an HTTPS URL
            parse = urlparse(instance["urls"]["streaming_api"])
            url = "https://" + parse.netloc
        else:
            url = self.api_base_url

        # The streaming server can't handle two slashes in a path, so remove trailing slashes
        if url[-1] == '/':
            url = url[:-1]

        headers = {"Authorization": "Bearer " + self.access_token}
        connection = requests.get(url + endpoint, headers = headers, data = params, stream = True)

        if connection.status_code != 200:
            raise MastodonNetworkError("Could not connect to streaming server: %s" % connection.reason)

        class __stream_handle():
            def __init__(self, connection):
                self.connection = connection

            def close(self):
                self.connection.close()

            def _threadproc(self):
                with closing(connection) as r:
                    try:
                        listener.handle_stream(r.iter_lines())
                    except AttributeError as e:
                        # Eat AttributeError from requests if user closes early
                        pass
                return 0

        handle = __stream_handle(connection)

        if async:
            t = threading.Thread(args=(), target=handle._threadproc)
            t.start()
            return handle
        else:
            # Blocking, never returns (can only leave via exception)
            with closing(connection) as r:
                listener.handle_stream(r.iter_lines())

    def __generate_params(self, params, exclude=[]):
        """
        Internal named-parameters-to-dict helper.

        Note for developers: If called with locals() as params,
        as is the usual practice in this code, the __generate_params call
        (or at least the locals() call) should generally be the first thing
        in your function.
        """
        params = dict(params)

        del params['self']
        param_keys = list(params.keys())
        for key in param_keys:
            if params[key] is None or key in exclude:
                del params[key]

        param_keys = list(params.keys())
        for key in param_keys:
            if isinstance(params[key], list):
                params[key + "[]"] = params[key]
                del params[key]

        return params

    def __get_token_expired(self):
        """Internal helper for oauth code"""
        return self._token_expired < datetime.datetime.now()

    def __set_token_expired(self, value):
        """Internal helper for oauth code"""
        self._token_expired = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=value)
        return

    def __get_refresh_token(self):
        """Internal helper for oauth code"""
        return self._refresh_token

    def __set_refresh_token(self, value):
        """Internal helper for oauth code"""
        self._refresh_token = value
        return

    @staticmethod
    def __protocolize(base_url):
        """Internal add-protocol-to-url helper"""
        if not base_url.startswith("http://") and not base_url.startswith("https://"):
            base_url = "https://" + base_url

        # Some API endpoints can't handle extra /'s in path requests
        base_url = base_url.rstrip("/")
        return base_url


##
# Exceptions
##
class MastodonError(Exception):
    """Base class for Mastodon.py exceptions"""


class MastodonIllegalArgumentError(ValueError, MastodonError):
    pass


class MastodonIOError(IOError, MastodonError):
    """Base class for Mastodon.py I/O errors"""


class MastodonFileNotFoundError(MastodonIOError):
    pass


class MastodonNetworkError(MastodonIOError):
    pass


class MastodonAPIError(MastodonError):
    pass


class MastodonRatelimitError(MastodonError):
    pass